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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(4): 1015-1019, ago. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1514333

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: There are many reports on anatomical variations of the vertebral arteries, which may be related to origin, trajectory, caliber, and side. Bilateral variations are less frequent, however, and less common are bilateral variants that differ from each other. The aim of this work was to report the presence of a bilateral variation of the vertebral artery and its functional and clinical implications. Dissection of a female cadaver, fixed in 10 % buffered formaldehyde, which had not undergone any previous surgeries in the study area and had anatomical variations in both vertebral arteries. In each one, follow-up was done from its origin to its end, determining its trajectory, diameters, branching, and anatomical relations. A left vertebral artery was found, starting in the aortic arch and making a sinuous trajectory of 4 curvatures to enter the transverse foramen of C4. The right vertebral artery began as the first branch of the subclavian artery. Its initial trajectory was rectilinear, followed by a right concave curve, a 360° loop that included a second ascending curve, and ended straight before entering the transverse foramen of C6. The coexistence of bilateral variations in the vertebral arteries is possible. This atypical situation can potentially generate vascular and neurological pathologies, but with different symptoms and causes. Knowing these variations and deliberately searching for them will enable the specialist to make a suitable differential diagnosis.


Existen múltiples reportes sobre variaciones anatómicas de las arterias vertebrales, las que se pueden relacionar con origen, trayecto, calibre y lateralidad. Sin embargo, las variaciones bilaterales son menos frecuentes, y menos común es que las variantes bilaterales sean diferentes entre ellas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue reportar la presencia de una variación bilateral de la arteria vertebral y su implicancia funcional y clínica. Disección en un cadáver de sexo femenino, fijado en formaldehido tamponado al 10 %, el cual no presentaba intervenciones quirúrgicas previas en la región de estudio y que tenía variaciones anatómicas en ambas arterias vertebrales. En cada una se realizó seguimiento desde su origen hasta su terminación, pudiendo determinar su trayecto, diámetros, ramificaciones y relaciones anatómicas. Se encontró una arteria vertebral izquierda originada en el arco aórtico, que realizaba un trayecto sinuoso de 4 curvaturas e ingresaba al foramen transverso de C4. La arteria vertebral derecha se originaba como primera rama de la arteria subclavia. Su trayecto inicial era rectilíneo seguido por una curva de concavidad derecha, un loop (giro) de 360° que incluía una segunda curva ascendente y terminaba en dirección recta antes de ingresar al foramen transverso de C6. La coexistencia de variaciones bilaterales en las arterias vertebrales es posible. Esta situación atípica, potencialmente puede generar en la persona patologías neurológicas de origen vascular, pero con sintomatología y causas diferentes. Conocer estas variaciones y realizar una búsqueda intencionada de ellas permitirá el especialista realizar un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Variation , Vertebral Artery/abnormalities , Cadaver
2.
Rev. cir. (Impr.) ; 74(6)dic. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1441439

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El trauma penetrante de la arteria vertebral es extremadamente infrecuente. Objetivo: Aportar evidencia clínica mediante la revisión de una serie de casos. Materiales y Método: Se analizan cuatro casos de trauma penetrante con compromiso de la arteria vertebral entre los años 2020 y 2021, manejados en la unidad de trauma y urgencias del Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río. Resultados: Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos relatando su proceso diagnóstico y manejo. Discusión: La evidencia de compromiso traumático de arteria vertebral es escasa. Reconocer su compleja anatomía y variada clínica resultan trascendentales para su adecuado manejo. Ante sospecha de este tipo de lesión, la angiografía por tomografía computada es el estudio de elección cuando se presentan hemodinámicamente estables. El abanico de opciones terapéuticas incluyen: observación, terapia antitrombótica o con antiagregantes, terapia endovascular o cirugía abierta. Conclusión: El trauma penetrante de arteria vertebral es una condición infrecuente, sin embargo, su diagnóstico y manejo deben ser conocidos por el cirujano.


Introduction: Traumatic involvement of the vertebral artery is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose. Objective: To provide clinical evidence by reviewing a case series. Materials and Method: We analyze four cases of penetrating trauma with involvement of the vertebral artery between 2020 and 2021, managed in the trauma and emergency unit of the Dr. Sótero del Río Care Complex. Results: Four clinical cases are presented describing diagnosis and management process. Discussion: There is little evidence of traumatic involvement of the vertebral artery. Recognizing its complex anatomy and varied clinic are transcendental for its proper management. When this type of lesion is suspected, computed tomography angiography is the choice study when hemodynamically stable. The range of therapeutic options include observation, antithrombotic or antiplatelet therapy, endovascular therapy or open surgery. Conclusion: Penetrating trauma of the vertebral artery is an uncommon condition, however, its diagnosis and management should be known to the surgeon.

3.
Rev. cienc. med. Pinar Rio ; 26(4): e5186, jul.-ago. 2022. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407904

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: existen múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas para tratar la inestabilidad del complejo atlantoaxial. La fijación con tornillos transarticulares C1-2 (técnica de Magerl) ha mostrado altos índices de fusión, y puede ser combinada con los sistemas de alambrado descritos inicialmente, para garantizar mayor estabilidad al constructo. Presentación de caso: masculino, 62 años, que luego de una caída de dos metros, es traído a la institución con dolor cervical y con imposibilidad para mover las extremidades. Al examen neurológico, presentaba un grado B en la American Spinal Injury Classiffication Scale. Se diagnostica fractura odontoidea conminuta y luxación atloaxoidea. Se le aplica tracción cervical con lo que se logra la alineación vertebral. Se planifica tratamiento quirúrgico mediante técnica de Magerl. Ante trayectoria subóptima del tornillo inicial, se combina con fusión atloaxoidea posterior, mediante técnica de Gallie. Se mantuvo inmovilización externa durante dos semanas. Al egreso hospitalario, el paciente logra la deambulación, aunque con disparesia braquial con predominio distal. En estudios radiológicos evolutivos, no se observa fallo del sistema de instrumentación. Conclusiones: en este caso la utilización de la técnica de Gallie, ante la malposición de uno de los tornillos transarticulares C1-2, permitió conservar la estabilidad del constructo.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Multiple surgical techniques exist to treat instability of the atlantoaxial complex. Transarticular C1-2 screw fixation (Magerl's technique) has shown high fusion rates, and can be combined with the initially described wiring systems to guarantee greater stability to the construct. Case presentation: male, 62 years old, who after a two-meter fall, was brought to the institution reporting cervical pain and inability to move the limbs. On neurological examination, he had a grade B on the American Spinal Injury Classiffication Scale. A comminuted odontoid fracture and atloaxial dislocation were diagnosed. Cervical traction was applied and vertebral alignment was achieved. Surgical treatment was planned using Magerl's technique. Given the suboptimal trajectory of the initial screw, it was combined with posterior atloaxoid fusion, using Gallie technique. External immobilization was maintained for two weeks. At hospital discharge, the patient achieved ambulation, maintaining brachial dysparesis with distal predominance. In evolutionary radiological studies, no failure of the instrumentation system was observed. Conclusions: In our case, the use of the Gallie technique, in view of the malposition of one of the C1-2 transarticular screws, allowed preserving the stability of the construct.

4.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 66(10): 1351-1354, Oct. 2020. graf
Article in English | SES-SP, LILACS | ID: biblio-1136158

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY Vertebral Artery Dissection (VAD) is a rare condition that can be caused by a wide amplitude of neck movement, which injures the vessel wall and can cause ischemia in the cerebellum. We present a 37-year-old man with herniated lumbar disc and allergic rhinosinusitis, which caused sneezing spells. After one of these bouts with a ricochet of the head, he presented C3 misalignment with local pain. Twenty-one days later, affected by a new crisis, he presented left temporal headache, nystagmus, and vertigo. After 3 days, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) identified 2 regions of cerebellar ischemia and filling failure of the right vertebral artery. After 2 days, Computed Angiotomography (CT Angiography) was performed and showed right VAD with a local thrombus, without aneurysmal signs. Transcranial Doppler did not indicate an increase in blood flow from this artery. The suggested treatment involved administration of anticoagulant Apixabana 5mg, 12/12h, for 3 months, until the condition was reevaluated with new Angio CT and MRI. It was recommended that the patient was released from work for 1 month and forbidden from doing intense physical exercises for 3 months; however, due to setbacks, these deadlines were extended until a new appointment, 4 months after the first visit. The new tests showed no changes, indicating that the condition was stable. This case aims to indicate the possible investigations of the diagnosis and therapeutic options of the rare association between VAD with cerebellar infarction in a well-documented case.


RESUMO A Dissecção da Artéria Vertebral (DAV) é quadro raro que pode ser causado por movimentação de grande amplitude do pescoço, que lesiona a parede desse vaso, podendo provocar isquemia no cerebelo. Apresentamos um homem de 37 anos, com hérnia de disco e rinossinusite alérgica que lhe causava crises de espirros em salva (CE). Após uma dessas crises com ricocheteamento da cabeça, apresentou desalinhamento de C3 com dor local. Vinte e um dias depois, acometido por nova crise, apresentou cefaleia temporal esquerda, nistagmo e vertigem. Decorridos 3 dias, o paciente foi submetido a Ressoânncia Magnética (RM), que identificou 2 regiões de isquemia cerebelar e enchimento comprometido da artéria vertebral direita. Após 2 dias, foram feitos Angiotomografia Computadorizada (Angio TC), que constatou DAV direita com trombo local, sem sinais aneurismáticos, e Doppler Transcraniano, que não indicou aumento do fluxo sanguíneo dessa artéria. O tratamento sugerido envolvia administração de anticoagulante Apixabana 5mg, 12/12h, por 3 meses, até que o quadro fosse reavaliado com novas Angio TC e RM. Foi recomendado que o paciente ficasse afastado do trabalho por 1 mês e de exercícios físicos intensos por 3 meses, porém devido a contratempos, esses prazos foram prorrogados até nova consulta, 4 meses após a primeira. Os novos exames não apresentaram alterações, indicando que o quadro estava estável. Esse caso tem como objetivo indicar as possíveis investigações do diagnóstico e opções terapêuticas da rara associação entre DAV com infarto cerebelar em caso bem documentado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Cerebellar Diseases , Vertebral Artery Dissection/etiology , Vertebral Artery Dissection/diagnostic imaging , Sneezing , Vertebral Artery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Infarction
5.
Colomb. med ; 51(3): e504386, July-Sept. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142824

ABSTRACT

Abstract Case Description: A 24-year-old male suffers from a motor vehicle accident with penetrating neck trauma and concomitant closed left cervicothoracic trauma. Clinical Findings: High impact trauma causing hypovolemic shock, left zone I penetrating neck trauma, ischemia due to blunt trauma to the axillary vessels, and brachial plexus injury. Transection of the vertebral artery on angiotomography. Diagnosed with scapulothoracic dissociation and vertebral artery trauma. Treatment and outcome: Axillary arteriovenous reconstruction, fasciotomies, non-surgical approach of the vertebral artery trauma, and deferred treatment of the brachial plexus trauma were performed. Survival of the patient and his limb, with major neurologic sequelae Clinical Relevance: The case presented here is an example of scapulothoracic dissociation with associated trauma to the vertebral artery, injuries that are uncommon and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of the injuries and a multidisciplinary approach for this complex case by surgical board reviews at various levels within the course of care were key determinants in the patient's improved prognosis. This case report presents an analysis of the diagnostics, treatment, and course; considering in-hospital care and the decision-making process as determinants for the prognosis in a polytrauma patient.


Resumen Descripción del caso: Varón de 24 años que sufre accidente automovilístico con trauma penetrante de cuello y trauma cerrado cervico torácico izquierdo concomitante. Hallazgos clínicos: Shock hipovolémico, trauma en zona I cuello izquierdo, isquemia por trauma cerrado de vasos axilares y lesión por trauma cerrado del plexo braquial; producto de trauma de alto impacto. Sección de arteria vertebral por angiotomografia. Se diagnostica disociación escapulo-torácica y trauma de arteria vertebral. Tratamiento y resultado: Reconstrucción vascular arterio-venosa axilar, fasciotomías y abordaje no operatorio del trauma de arteria vertebral, con manejo diferido del trauma del plexo braquial. Sobrevida del paciente y su extremidad, con secuelas neurológicas mayores. Relevancia clínica: Es un caso de disociación escapulotorácica y lesión de arteria vertebral concomitante, siendo esta una asociación infrecuente y de alta morbi-mortalidad. El reconocimiento temprano de las lesiones y un abordaje multidisciplinario de este escenario de complejidad por medio de juntas quirúrgicas en varios niveles del proceso de atención, fueron determinantes para cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. Se presenta un análisis del diagnóstico, manejo y evolución; considerando el proceso de atención hospitalaria, toma consensuada de decisiones y el pronóstico en un paciente politraumatizado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Vertebral Artery/injuries , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Wounds, Penetrating/complications , Neck Injuries/etiology , Shoulder Injuries/etiology , Scapula/injuries , Shoulder Dislocation/etiology , Accidents, Traffic
6.
Rev. neuro-psiquiatr. (Impr.) ; 83(3): 198-202, jul-sep 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1150078

ABSTRACT

Resumen El síndrome de Wallenberg es el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico más común de la circulación posterior, causado por una obstrucción aterotrombótica en la arteria vertebral o la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior. Esta oclusión origina una isquemia en la porción lateral del bulbo que resulta en la triada representativa del síndrome de Horner, ataxia ipsilateral a la lesión y alteraciones sensitivas. El riesgo de padecer este cuadro es mayor si se tiene variaciones anatómicas tales como una arteria vertebral hipoplásica y/o duplicada. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 45 años admitida por hipoestesia en el lado derecho del rostro y en el hemicuerpo izquierdo, así como disfagia y vómitos. La resonancia magnética reveló una lesión isquémica en la zona bulbar lateral derecha; en la angiorresonancia se evidenció una arteria vertebral derecha hipoplásica, en tanto que la angio-TEM del cuello mostró una arteria vertebral derecha hipoplásica y bifurcada. En base a la clínica y exámenes radiológicos se confirmó el diagnóstico de Síndrome de Wallenberg, causado por isquemia en el territorio de la arteria vertebral derecha hipoplásica bifurcada.


Summary Wallenberg syndrome is the most common ischemic stroke of the posterior circulation, caused by an atherothrombotic obstruction of the vertebral or the postero-inferior cerebellar artery. This occlusion leads to ischemia in the lateral portion of the bulb, which results in the representative triad of Horner's syndrome, ataxia on the ipsilateral side of the lesion and sensory alterations. There is a greater risk of suffering from this condition with anatomical variations such as a hypoplastic and/or duplicated vertebral artery. The case of a 45-year-old woman admitted as an emergency due to hypoesthesia on the right side of the face and on the left side of the body, as well as dysphagia and vomiting is reported. MRI studies revealed an ischemic lesion in the right-side of the bulbar area; in the angio-MRI a hypoplastic right vertebral artery was evidenced whereas the angio-TC showed a hypoplastic and duplicated right vertebral artery. On the basis of the clinical and radiological examinations, the diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome caused by bifurcated hypoplastic right vertebral artery ischemia, was confirmed.

7.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(1): 140-146, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056412

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to establish safety ranges for the third vertebral artery segment (V3) for craneocervical procedures. Injury to V3 represents a potentially catastrophic complication. Its tortuous path and complex relationship with neighboring structures, increasing the risk. Ten male adult cadavers (20 vertebral arteries) with arterial infiltration of red latex were studied. The length, angles and anatomical measurements were obtained between the selected surgical landmarks and the portions of V3 segment. The horizontal portion has a length of 32.7 ± 3.6 mm with an angulation of 115.1 ± 8.3 degrees. The mean distances of the horizontal portion were: from the midline to the V3 groove of C1 posterior arch (24.7 ± 6.3 mm); from C1 pars interarticularis to the V3 distal loop of V3 (8.9 ± 1.4 mm). The vertical portion has a length 32.5 ± 5.6 mm with an angulation of the proximal loop of 113.6 ± 5.8 degrees. The mean distances between the C2 spinous process to the medial surface of the distal loop (43.8 ± 4.2 mm); from the C1-C2 joint to the V3 vertical portion (9.5 ± 1.5 mm); from C2 pars interarticularis to V3 in the C2 transverse foramen (6.5 ± 3.4 mm); from C2 pars interarticularis to V3 in the C1 transverse foramen (17.5 ± 4.5 mm). We reported four potential sites where V3 can be injured during four different surgical procedures: exposure of the posterior arch of C1, and pars interarticularis of C1 in the horizontal portion and exposure of the C1C2 joint, and placement of C1-C2 transarticular screws one in the vertical portion. We provide measurements of redundancy and safety ranges to reduce the risk of injury to the V3 segment during craniocervical surgical procedures.


El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer rangos de seguridad en el tercer segmento de arteria vertebral (V3) para cirugías de la región craneocervicales. La lesión de V3 representa una complicación potencialmente catastrófica. Su tortuoso trayecto y compleja relación con las estructuras aledañas, aumenta el riesgo. Se estudiaron diez cadáveres adultos masculinos (20 arterias vertebrales) con infiltración arterial de látex rojo. La longitud, ángulos y medidas anatómicas se obtuvieron respecto a los puntos de referencia quirúrgicos y las porciones del segmento V3. La porción horizontal tiene una longitud de 32,7 ± 3,6 mm con una angulación de 115,1 ± 8,3 grados. Las distancias medias de la porción horizontal fueron: desde la línea media hasta el surco V3 del arco posterior C1 (24,7 ± 6,3 mm); desde C1 pars interarticularis hasta el bucle distal V3 de V3 (8,9 ± 1,4 mm). La parte vertical tiene una longitud de 32,5 ± 5,6 mm con una angulación del bucle proximal de 113,6 ± 5,8 grados. Las distancias medias entre el proceso espinoso C2 y la superficie medial del bucle distal (43,8 ± 4,2 mm); desde la unión C1-C2 hasta la porción vertical V3 (9,5 ± 1,5 mm); de C2 pars interarticularis a V3 en el foramen transversal C2 (6,5 ± 3,4 mm); de C2 pars interarticularis a V3 en el foramen transversal C1 (17,5 ± 4,5 mm). Informamos cuatro sitios potenciales donde la V3 puede lesionarse durante cuatro procedimientos quirúrgicos diferentes: exposición del arco posterior de C1 y pars interarticularis de C1 en la porción horizontal y exposición de la articulación C1-C2, y colocación de C1-C2 Tornillos transarticulares uno en la porción vertical. Proporcionamos mediciones de los rangos de redundancia y seguridad para reducir el riesgo de lesiones en el segmento V3 durante procedimientos quirúrgicos craneocervicales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Cervical Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Cross-Sectional Studies
8.
Rev. bras. ortop ; 54(5): 605-608, Sept.-Oct. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057931

ABSTRACT

Resumo The posterior inferior cerebellar artery usually arises from the intracranial segment (V4) of the vertebral artery. Despite its mean diameter of 2 mm, it usually irrigates important areas of the brain. When occluded, whether due to trauma or surgery, it may cause infarction in the brain stem and cerebellum. The present report describes a case of incidental finding of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the cervical segment (V3) of the vertebral artery, demonstrated by angiography. The findings were recorded and compared to those of earlier publications. Brief explanations regarding anatomy, vascular anomalies and embryology were provided. A literature review showed that anomalous branches of the cervical segment of the vertebral artery are infrequent andmust be known. A better understanding of anatomy and its variations enables an accurate topographic diagnosis, as well as the planning of the optimal surgical approach and therapy. Knowledge of this anatomical variation is essential because, if it is mistaken for a muscle branch and coagulated, this can cause ischemia and disabling sequelae.


Resumo A artéria cerebelar inferoposterior geralmente nasce do segmento intracraniano (V4) da artéria vertebral. Apesar de ter diâmetro médio de 2 mm, usualmente irriga áreas eloquentes do encéfalo. Quando ocluída, seja por trauma ou cirurgia, pode causar infarto no tronco encefálico e no cerebelo. Apresentamos um caso de artéria cerebelar inferoposterior com origem anômala no segmento cervical (V3) da artéria vertebral, demonstrado por angiografia. Os resultados foram registrados e comparados com os de publicações anteriores. Foram fornecidas breves explicações sobre a anatomia, anomalias vasculares e embriologia. A revisão da literatura mostrou que os ramos anômalos do segmento cervical da artéria vertebral são infrequentes e devem ser conhecidos. Uma melhor compreensão da anatomia e suas variações permite fazer um diagnóstico topográfico preciso, bem como planejar a abordagem e a terapia cirúrgicas ideais. O conhecimento dessa variação anatômica é essencial, pois, se confundida com um ramo muscular e coagulada, pode causar isquemia com sequelas incapacitantes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Vertebral Artery , Lateral Medullary Syndrome , Brain Stem , Cerebral Angiography , Angiography , Anatomic Variation , Intraoperative Complications
9.
Medisan ; 23(5)sept.-oct. 2019. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1091136

ABSTRACT

Se describe el caso clínico de un anciano de 85 años de edad a quien se le diagnosticó síndrome de Barré-Lieou en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila, por lo cual fue atendido en consultas multidisciplinarias. Mediante la radiografía contrastada del esófago se observó compresión extrínseca de su tercio distal por grandes osteofitos cervicales anteriores, así como estrechamiento anterior y posterior desde la cuarta hasta la séptima vértebras cervicales; asimismo, las imágenes de la resonancia magnética de cráneo y columna cervical permitieron comprobar la presencia de complejos disco-osteofitos de vértebras cervicales con edema óseo, de carácter compresivo. Se comenta sobre el tratamiento empleado y se ofrecen las sugerencias terapéuticas de los expertos en el tema.


The case report of a 85 years elderly to whom the Barré-Lieou syndrome was diagnosed in Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Provincial Hospital in Ciego de Ávila is described, reason why he was assisted in multidisciplinary visits. By means of the contrasted x-ray of the esophagus, extrinsic compression of his distal third was observed caused by huge anterior cervical osteophytes, as well as early and posterior narrowing of the fourth to the seventh cervical vertebrae; also, the magnetic resonance images of skull and cervical spine allowed to check the presence of disk-osteophytes complexes of cervical vertebrae, with bony edema, of compressive character. It is commented on the used treatment and the therapeutic indications of experts in the topic are offered.


Subject(s)
Vertebral Artery , Aged , Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(4): 1439-1446, Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975720

ABSTRACT

The seven cervical vertebrae found in the human body are classified into typical and atypical vertebrae. Their transverse processes contain foramen transversarium (FT) and traditionally there is one foramen present on each side, of similar size. However, variations of this foramen regarding its shape, size, number, laterality, location and osteometric characteristics have been documented in the literature. This morphological and morphometric study was conducted on 126 cervical vertebrae (82 typical and 44 atypical) obtained from the osteological bank at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal to produce a database which may serve as a useful guideline to medical personnel. There were variations observed regarding shape, number of FT, laterality and position, which have not previously been reported. The most types of variations were evident in the typical cervical vertebrae, then secondly, the seventh cervical vertebrae. The axis vertebrae did not display any accessory FT or variations.


Las siete vértebras cervicales que se encuentran en el cuerpo humano se clasifican como vértebras típicas y atípicas. Sus procesos transversos presentan un foramen transverso (FT) y normalmente este foramen es de tamaño similar en cada lado. Sin embargo, se han reportado en la literatura variaciones de este foramen, con respecto a su forma, tamaño, número, lateralidad, ubicación y características osteométricas. Este estudio morfológico y morfométrico se realizó en 126 vértebras cervicales (82 típicas y 44 atípicas) obtenidas del banco de Osteología de la Universidad de Kwa-Zulu Natal, para producir una base de datos que pueda servir como una guía útil para el personal médico. Se observaron variaciones con respecto a la forma, el número de FT, la lateralidad y la posición, que no se habían reportado anteriormente. La mayoría de los tipos de variaciones eran evidentes en las vértebras cervicales típicas y en segundo lugar en las séptimas vértebras cervicales. Los axis no mostraron ningún FT accesorio o variaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cervical Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Variation , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology
11.
BrJP ; 1(2): 103-110, Apr.-June 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1038922

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal manipulation (SM) can reduce or improve the pain and dizziness originated in the neck. However, there is some criticism against SM. The objective of this study was to check if the osteopathic manipulation (OM) with a cervical rhythmic articulatory technique (CRAT) provides oscillations of the blood flow velocity (BFV) in the internal carotid arteries (ICA), vertebral arteries (VA) and basilar artery (BA), and if this technique is a risk factor for this circulatory system. METHODS: The study was conducted with 73 individuals (men and women) with mechanical cervicalgia, with an average age of 37.7±6.4 years. Fifty-eight had mild to moderate pain, randomly divided into control group (CG) and experimental-1 (EG-1), and 15 with severe pain in the experimental-2 group (EG-2). All subjects were submitted to the artery ultrasound (ICA, VA, and BA) in a blind methodology for the tests 1 (E1) and 2 (E2). Between E1 and E2, one single OM-CRAT was performed in the EGs 1 and 2 and resting for the CG. RESULTS: In the EG-1 there was a slight reduction of the BFV in the right ICA. In the EG-2 there was a significant increase of the BFV in the right VA. All samples presented normality. In the CG there was a reduction of the BFV in the left VA. When comparing the three groups, there was significance for the CG as EG-2 of the BFV in the right ICA (in E1) and of the BFV in the left ICA (in E2). CONCLUSION: Despite the BFV oscillations, one can conclude that the OM-CRAT generates oscillation in the BFV within the normality parameters and it is not a risk factor for cerebral circulation.


RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A manipulação vertebral cervical (MVC) pode reduzir ou melhorar a dor e a tontura de origem cervical. No entanto, há críticas contra a MVC. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a manipulação osteopática (MO) com técnica articulatória rítmica cervical (TARC) proporciona oscilações de velocidade de fluxo sanguíneo (VFS) nas artérias carótidas internas (ACI), vertebrais (AV) e basilar (AB), e se essa técnica é um fator de risco para esse sistema circulatório. MÉTODOS: A casuística foi constituída de 73 indivíduos (homens e mulheres) com cervicalgia mecânica, com idade média de 37,7±6,4 anos, sendo 58 com dor leve a moderada, divididos por aleatorização em grupos controle (GC) e experimental-1 (GE-1), e 15 com dor intensa no grupo experimental-2 (GE-2). Todos foram submetidos à ultrassonografia arterial (em ACI, AV e AB) em metodologia encoberta para os exames 1 (E1) e 2 (E2). Entre E1 e E2 foi realizado única MO-TARC para os GE 1 e 2, e repouso para o GC. RESULTADOS: Em GE-1 houve pequena redução de VFS da ACI direita. Em GE-2 houve aumento significativo de VFS na AV direita. Todas as amostras apresentaram normalidade. Em GC houve redução de VFS da AV esquerda. No comparativo entre os três grupos houve significância para o GC como GE-2 na VFS da ACI direita (em E1) e na VFS da ACI esquerda (em E2). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das oscilações de VFS, concluiu-se que a MO-TARC gera oscilação de VFS dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade e não é um fator de risco para a circulação cerebral.

12.
Rev. argent. neurocir ; 32(2): 94-99, jun. 2018. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1223525

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un paciente pediátrico portador de un aneurisma gigante de arteria vertebral tratado mediante clipado microquirúrgico. Material y método: Durante los últimos 5 años se trataron 16 casos de aneurismas en edad pediátrica en nuestro servicio. En solo 2 casos se ubicaron en la arteria vertebral. Se describe el caso de un paciente de 11 años, con ataques diarios de hipo y episodios de diplopía intermitente. Se realizó AngioRM y Angiografía digital para arribar al diagnóstico. Se decidió realizar clipado mediante un abordaje extremo lateral modificado sin drillado del cóndilo, con resolución completa de la sintomatología y angiografía control que muestra oclusión completa del aneurisma. Conclusión: El tratamiento satisfactorio de las lesiones aneurismáticas gigantes requiere la exclusión de la circulación y disminuir su efecto de masa. La cirugía constituye una herramienta eficaz para lograr ambos objetivos.


Objective: To describe a pediatric patient with a giant vertebral artery aneurysm (GVAA) treated by microsurgical clipping. Case report: Sixteen patients with cerebral aneurysms were treated at our institution over the last five years, among whom only two had a vertebral artery aneurysm. We describe the case of an eleven-year-old boy with a history of recurrent hiccups and horizontal diplopia. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed to confirm the diagnosis, after which a modified far-lateral approach without condylar drilling was employed to surgically clip the lesion. Post-operatively, the patient experienced complete symptom resolution, and DSA revealed a completely-occluded aneurysm. Conclusion: Treating giant vertebral artery aneurysms requires total, permanent removal of the lesion to diminish any mass effect. For this, surgical clipping is an effective option to prevent all future circulation and ensure complete, permanent lesion resolution.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aneurysm , Pediatrics , Vertebral Artery , Intracranial Aneurysm
13.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 33(4): 260-266, oct.-dic. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-886457

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El 10 % de los ictus afecta la circulación posterior, tiene una importante repercusión neurológica y llegan a comprometer la vida. El manejo inicial de estos pacientes incluye la trombolisis farmacológica y mecánica para reestablecer el flujo de la irrigación de estructuras vitales como el mesencéfalo y las estructuras del puente. METODOLOGÍA: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 81 años que presentó inestabilidad de la marcha con hemianopsia izquierda. Se documentó en angiotomografía la oclusión de la arterial basilar, arterial vertebral izquierda y la estenosis crítica de arteria vertebral derecha. Debido a que la cateterización de las arterias vertebrales no era posible, se decidió acceder a la arteria basilar a través de la arteria comunicante posterior. RESULTADOS: Se realizó una adecuada revascularización de la arteria basilar, comprobada por arteriografía. Sin embargo, 12 horas después, el paciente presentó reoclusión de territorio basilar que provocó muerte cerebral. CONCLUSIÓN: Los pacientes con difícil cateterización de circulación posterior por oclusión o estenosis crítica proximal del territorio posterior, con patencia y permeabilidad del polígono de Willis, serían candidatos a este tipo de procedimiento, se deben realizar más estudios con pacientes que presenten condiciones similares para optimizar su desenlace neurológico posterior a ictus en territorio de estructuras vitales.


SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: 10% of the strokes affect the posterior circulation, with important neurological deficit and they may compromise the life. Initial management of these patients includes pharmacological thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy to re-establish the flow of irrigation from vital structures such as the midbrain and brainstem. METHOD: We present the case of an 81-year-old patient, with unsteady gait with left hemianopsia. Basilar and left vertebral artery occlusion were demonstrated by angiotomography, and critical right vertebral artery stenosis. Due a catheterization of the vertebral arteries was not possible, Basilar artery access through a posterior communicating artery was performed. RESULTS: Adequate revascularization of the basilar artery was performed, by angiography. However, 12 hours later, the patient presented the re-occlusion of the basilar artery that caused brain death. CONCLUSION: Patients with occlusion or severe stenosis in posterior circulation with patency and permeability of the Willis polygon would be candidates for this type of procedure. Further studies are needed to confirm the neurological outcome after stroke in the territory of vital structures with limited vascular access.


Subject(s)
Basilar Artery , Vertebral Artery , Thrombectomy
14.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 33(3): 182-187, jul.-set. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-886445

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Se presenta un caso local de la variante de Opalski, del síndrome medular lateral (síndrome de Wallenberg) y se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre los síntomas de este cuadro clínico, así como las posibles razones que explican esta modificación en la expresión clínica. La variante de Opalski fue descrita en 1948, ochenta y nueve años después de la descripción original del síndrome por Adolf Wallenberg, su principal característica es la presencia de hemiparesia o hemiplejía del cuerpo del mismo lado de la lesión del bulbo raquídeo. La etiología es vascular en la mayoría de casos, por obstrucción de la arteria cerebelosa postero-inferior o de los ostium de vasos penetrantes que se originan en la arteria. No hay estudios que reporten la incidencia exacta de este cuadro clínico a nivel mundial, sin embargo, su presentación no es tan infrecuente. Lo más interesante al analizar cada caso, es que los hallazgos semiológicos son una muestra de la profunda organización del sistema nervioso.


SUMMARY A clinical case of the Opalski variant of the lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome) is presented and a literature review about the symptoms of this clinical picture is done, as well as the possible reasons explaining this modification in the clinical expression. The Opalski variant was described in 1948, eighty-nine years after the original description of the syndrome by Adolf Wallenberg, its main feature is the presence of hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the ipsilateral side of the injury in the medulla oblongata. In most cases the etiology is vascular when the postero-inferior cerebellar artery is occluded or there is an obstruction of the ostium of penetrating vessels originating in the artery. There are no studies that accurately report the worldwide incidence of this clinical variant, however, its presentation is not uncommon. The most interesting discovery of each case is that semiological findings are a good example of the profound organization of the nervous system.


Subject(s)
Vertebral Artery , Lateral Medullary Syndrome , Medulla Oblongata , Cerebral Infarction , Cranial Fossa, Posterior
15.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(2): 469-471, June 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893006

ABSTRACT

The aorta is the main arterial trunk in the human body, however, its variation was extremely variable. During an educational dissection, aberrant branching pattern of aortic arch was found in a Korean cadaver. The brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) originated from the aortic arch at the left side of the trachea. It crossed the trachea and divided into the right common carotid and subclavian arteries. The left vertebral artery originated from the aortic arch between the origins of the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery, then the left vertebral artery coursed upward to the transverse foramen of the C7. The author describes this previously novel case report with aberrant brachiocephalic trunk and left vertebral arteries and discusses the clinical implications of such a variant.


La aorta es el tronco arterial principal del cuerpo humano, sin embargo, su variación es extremadamente variable. Durante una disección de rutina de un cadáver coreano, se encontró un patrón de ramificación aberrante del arco aórtico. El tronco braquiocefálico se originaba del arco aórtico en el lado izquierdo de la tráquea. Cruzaba la tráquea y se dividía en las arterias carótida común y subclavia derecha. La arteria vertebral izquierda se originó a partir del arco aórtico entre los orígenes de la arteria carótida común izquierda y la arteria subclavia izquierda, luego la arteria vertebral izquierda ascendió hacia el foramen transversal de la séptima vértebra cervical. Se describe un caso de tronco braquiocefálico aberrante y la correspondiente arteria vertebral izquierda y se discuten las implicaciones clínicas de tal variante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged, 80 and over , Aorta, Thoracic/abnormalities , Tracheal Stenosis , Brachiocephalic Trunk/abnormalities , Cadaver
16.
Rev. cuba. pediatr ; 89(2): 214-223, abr.-jun. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-845096

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la exanguinación es una entidad clínica dramática que requiere rapidez de pensamiento y acción para obtener buenos resultados.Presentación del caso: se reporta el caso de un paciente de 13 años que sufrió accidente automovilístico y fue atendido en el Hospital Pediátrico Eliseo Noel Camaño , de la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba. El niño llegó con múltiples traumas en miembros superiores e inferiores, y una herida penetrante en el cuello que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato para controlar hemorragia. Se necesitó un acceso multidisciplinario de intensivistas, anestesiólogos, cirujanos pediátricos, neurocirujanos y cirujanos vasculares, porque la cuantía del sangrado y la localización de la lesión hicieron sospechar una afección traumática de la arteria vertebral. El niño sobrevivió a la lesión exanguinante, y actualmente se encuentra en proceso de recuperación.Conclusiones: la lesión penetrante del cuello puede provocar ruptura traumática de la arteria vertebral, entidad infrecuente que requiere alta sospecha diagnóstica para lograr éxito en su tratamiento. Consideramos vital la visión multidisciplinaria, en la que deben prevalecer maniobras seguras, rápidas y eficientes(AU)


Introduction: exsanguination is a dramatic clinical condition that requires quick analysis and action to achieve good results.Case report: this is a 13 years/old patient who suffered a car accident and was seen at Eliseo Noel Camano pediatric hospital in Matanzas province, Cuba. The teenager had many upper and lower limb traumas and a penetrating neck injury that required immediate surgery to control hemorrhage. It was necessary to involve intensive care experts, anesthesiologists, pediatric surgeons, neurosurgeons, and vascular surgeons because the amount of bleeding and the location of injury aroused the suspicion of traumatic damage of the vertebral artery. The teenager managed to survive from the exsanguinating injury and is currently in his recovery process.Conclusions: the penetrating neck injury may cause traumatic rupture of the vertebral artery, an uncommon condition that requires great diagnostic suspicion in order to succeed in treatment. It is vital to have a multidisciplinary vision in which safe, rapid and effective procedures should prevail(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Hypovolemia/surgery , Neck Injuries/surgery , Vertebral Artery/injuries
17.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(2): 719-722, June 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893045

ABSTRACT

The cervical vertebrae are recognized mainly by the presence of the foramen transversarium, which is crossed by the vertebral artery and vein, accompanied by sympathetic fibers. The main objective of this study was to observe and describe the anatomy and variations in the foramen transversarium. 121 cervical vertebrae were analyzed, including the macroscopic characteristics, shape and diameter and presence of the foramen transversarium, as well as the accessory foramen transversarium. All cervical vertebrae presented the foramen transversarium, with a mean diameter of 5.60 mm and a mean diameter of 4.40 mm on the right and 5.92 mm - 5.56 mm on the left, respectively. With regard to shape classification according to Taitz et al. (1978), 90.08 % presented the same shape on both sides, and 9.91 % had different shapes. The presentation of the different shapes was as follows: shape 1 41.32 %; shape 2 4.13 %; shape 3 18.8 %; shape 4 14.04 %; and shape 5 12.39 %. Regarding the presence of accessory foramen transversarium, 17.35 % of the vertebrae presented it, 66.6 % unilateral, 57.14 % on the right side and 42.85 % on the left side. Osteophytes, were presented in 5.7 %. The anatomical knowledge of these variations is useful for spine surgeons in preoperative planning and for preventing vertebral vessel and sympathetic nerve injuries during cervical surgical approaches.


Las vértebras cervicales son reconocidas principalmente por la presencia del foramen transverso (FT), por el cual transita la arteria y vena vertebral además de fibras simpáticas. Las variaciones en el FT pueden estar asociadas con una alteración en el calibre y el curso de la arteria vertebral. El objetivo del presente estudio fue observar y describir la anatomía así como las variaciones en el FT. Fueron analizadas 121 vértebras cervicales, en las cuales el FT fue observado macroscópicamente de manera bilateral así como el foramen transverso accesorio (FTA) en las que se encontrara presente. La forma y diámetros máximo y mínimo del FT fue medido de manera bilateral con ayuda de un cáliper digital. De 121 vértebras cervicales, la totalidad presentaron FT con diámetros máximo y mínimo derecho de 5,60 y 4,40 mm respectivamente y de 5,92 y 5,56 mm máximo y mínimo del lado izquierdo. Con respecto a la clasificación de forma de Taitz et al. (1978) el 90,08 % presentó la misma forma de manera bilateral y un 9,91% formas distintas. La forma 1 se presentó en un 41,32 %, la 2 en un 4,13 %, forma 3 18,8 %, 4 14,04 % y 5 en 12,39 %. Con respecto a la presencia de FTA, un 17,35 % lo presentó, siendo 66,6 % unilaterales, un 57,14 % derecho y 42,85 % izquierdo. La anatomía y variaciones en el FT y la arteria vertebral y los componentes nerviosos están interrelacionados. Su conocimiento morfológico es clínicamente importante, ya que el curso de la arteria vertebral puede distorsionarse en tales situaciones. Por lo que es importante a la hora de adoptar medidas cautelares para salvaguardar la arteria vertebral en las cirugías de columna cervical.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomic Variation , Cervical Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology
18.
Coluna/Columna ; 16(2): 109-111, Apr.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-890889

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the morphology of the vertebral foramen and its distance to the midline. Methods: Twenty cervical CT scans from the radiographic record of 12 men and 8 women, 18 to 74 years old, of C1 to C6 segments were evaluated, measuring the foramen diameter and its distance to the midline. We look for anomalies of vertebral foramen morphology, using Philips Ingenuity CT equipment with Philips IntelliSpace Portal software. Results: The mean age was 47 years; the segment with the most anomalies was C1, with 10% (increase in foramen diameter), followed by C2 and C6, with 5% (vertebral foramen hypotrophy); the mean diameter of the C1 to C6 segment was 6.081 mm, and the median distance from the midline to the vertebral foramen of C2 to C6 was 13.215 mm. The largest diameter of the vertebral foramen was C2, with a mean of 6.67 mm and the smallest was C4, with a mean of 5.75 mm; the greatest distance from the midline to the vertebral foramen was C1, with a mean of 22.59 mm and the shortest was C4, with a mean of 12.13 mm. Conclusions: The mean diameter of the vertebral foramen and its distance to the midline was determined, setting a safety region for procedures. In our city, there is no study that determines the means of the vertebral foramina diameters, the distance from the midline and its anomalies. It is necessary to rely on CT scans and to make a preoperative plan to avoid complications associated with morphological alterations.


RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a morfologia do forame vertebral e sua distância da linha mediana. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 20 tomografias cervicais do arquivo radiográfico de 12 homens e 8 mulheres, de 18 a 74 anos de idade, dos segmentos C1 a C6, fazendo a medição do diâmetro do forame e de sua distância até a linha mediana. Buscaram-se as anomalias da morfologia do forame vertebral, usando um equipamento Philips Ingenuity CT com o software Philips IntelliSpace Portal. Resultados: A média de idade foi 47 anos; o segmento com mais anomalias foi C1, com 10% (aumento do diâmetro do forame), seguido por C2 e C6, com 5% (hipotrofia do forame vertebral); o diâmetro médio do segmento C1 a C6 foi 6,081 mm e a distância média da linha mediana até o forame vertebral de C2 a C6 foi 13,215 mm. O maior diâmetro do forame vertebral foi C2, com média de 6,67 mm e o menor foi C4, com média de 5,75 mm; a maior distância da linha mediana até o forame vertebral foi a de C1, com média de 22,59 mm e a menor foi em C4, com média de 12,13 mm. Conclusões: Foi determinada a média do diâmetro do forame vertebral e sua distância até a linha mediana, estabelecendo-se uma região de segurança para procedimentos. Em nossa cidade, não há um estudo que determine a médias dos diâmetros do forame vertebral, a distância da linha mediana e suas anomalias. É preciso contar com a tomografia e fazer um plano pré-operatório para evitar as complicações associadas às alterações morfológicas.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la morfología del foramen vertebral y su distancia de la línea media. Métodos: Se evaluaron 20 tomografías cervicales, del archivo radiográfico de 12 hombres y 8 mujeres, de 18 a 74 años de edad, del segmento C1 a C6, realizando la medición del diámetro del foramen, y su distancia de la línea media. Se buscaron las anomalías morfológicas del foramen vertebral, usando un equipo Philips Ingenuity CT y software Philips IntelliSpace Portal. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 47 años; el segmento con más anomalías fue C1, con 10% (aumento del diámetro del foramen), seguido de C2 y C6 con 5% (hipotrofia del foramen vertebral); el promedio del diámetro del segmento C1 a C6 fue de 6,081 mm y el promedio de distancia de la línea media al foramen vertebral de C2 a C6 fue 13,215 mm. El mayor diámetro del foramen vertebral fue en C2, con promedio de 6,67 mm y el menor fue en C4 con promedio de 5,75 mm; la mayor distancia de línea media al foramen vertebral correspondió en C1 con promedio de 22,59 mm y la menor fue en C4 con promedio de 12,13 mm. Conclusiones: Se determinó el promedio del diámetro del foramen vertebral y su distancia a la línea media, estableciendo una zona de seguridad para procedimientos. En nuestra ciudad no existe un estudio que determine promedios del diámetro del foramen vertebral, la distancia desde la línea media y sus anomalías. Es preciso contar con tomografía y hacer un plan preoperatorio para evitar las complicaciones asociadas con alteraciones morfológicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Spine/anatomy & histology , Spinal Canal , Diagnostic Imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
19.
Rev. neuro-psiquiatr. (Impr.) ; 79(4): 272-276, oct.-dic. 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-836267

ABSTRACT

La disección cervical es una entidad poco estudiada y diagnosticada como variante de infarto cerebral, sobretodo en el adulto joven; es, sin embargo, relativamente frecuente y debe formar parte del diagnóstico diferencialen pacientes jóvenes con infarto cerebral de mecanismo embólico. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente coninfarto cerebral en diferentes territorios vasculares: varios estudios de ayuda diagnóstica resultaron en la detecciónde compromiso de la arteria vertebral izquierda por disección arterial, mediante protocolos especiales de resonanciamagnética cervical.


Cervical dissection is a poorly studied and diagnosed entity, a variant of cerebral infarction particularly foundamong young adults. It is, however, relatively frequent and should be suspected as a differential diagnosis in young patients with history of an embolic stroke. The clinical case of a patient with cerebral infarction of different vascular territories is presented: various diagnostic studies resulted in the detection of involvement of the left vertebral artery by arterial dissection, by special protocols of cervical magnetic resonance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Vertebral Artery Dissection , Cerebral Infarction
20.
ABC., imagem cardiovasc ; 29(2): 58-62, abr.-jun. 2016. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-786647

ABSTRACT

A síndrome do roubo da subclávia refere-se a uma desordem vascular na qual ocorre inversão do fluxo de sangue da artéria vertebral ipsilateral, decorrente de uma estenose proximal à sua origem, geralmente uma oclusão da artéria subclávia ou, mais raramente, do troncobraquiocefálico. É uma doença relativamente rara, relatadaem aproximadamente 6% dos pacientes assintomáticos com sopros cervicais. O Doppler pulsado (PW) é útil na análiseda artéria vertebral, registrando informações capazes de identificar a presença da Síndrome do Roubo da Subclávia. Com base nas alterações hemodinâmicas da artéria vertebralavaliadas pelo estudo com Doppler espectral, pode ser classificada nos tipos 1 (oculto), 2 (intermitente ou parcial)e 3 (completo). Com o advento da angioplastia transluminal percutânea e, em seguida, dos stents, muitos advogam essa combinação de procedimentos como o tratamento de escolha dos casos sintomático dessa síndrome.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vertebral Artery/physiopathology , Subclavian Steal Syndrome/therapy , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed/methods , Angiography/methods , Risk Factors , Stents
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